Course Content
Introduction
Chapter-1. Simple kinetic molecular model of matter.
States of matter. • State the distinguishing properties of solids, liquids and gases. • Describe qualitatively the molecular structure of solids, liquids and gases in terms of the arrangement, separation and motion of the molecules • Interpret the temperature of a gas in terms of the motion of its molecules • Describe qualitatively the pressure of a gas in terms of the motion of its molecules • Show an understanding of the random motion of particles in a suspension as evidence for the kinetic molecular model of matter • Describe this motion (sometimes known as Brownian motion) in terms of random molecular bombardment• Describe evaporation in terms of the escape of more-energetic molecules from the surface of a liquid • Relate evaporation to the consequent cooling of the liquid• Describe qualitatively, in terms of molecules, the effect on the pressure of a gas of: – a change of temperature at constant volume – a change of volume at constant temperature
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Chapter-2. Thermal properties and temperature.
• Describe qualitatively the thermal expansion of solids, liquids, and gases at constant pressure • Identify and explain some of the everyday applications and consequences of thermal expansion • Appreciate how a physical property that varies with temperature may be used for the measurement of temperature, and state examples of such properties • Recognise the need for and identify fixed points • Describe and explain the structure and action of liquid-in-glass thermometers• Relate a rise in the temperature of a body to an increase in its internal energy • Show an understanding of what is meant by the the thermal capacity of a body.• Describe melting and boiling in terms of energy input without a change in temperature • State the meaning of a melting point and boiling point • Describe condensation and solidification in terms of molecules
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Chapter-3. Thermal processes.
• Describe experiments to demonstrate the properties of good and bad thermal conductors.• Recognise convection as an important method of thermal transfer in fluids • Relate convection in fluids to density changes and describe experiments to illustrate convection.• Recognise convection as an important method of thermal transfer in fluids • Relate convection in fluids to density changes and describe experiments to illustrate convection.• Identify and explain some of the everyday applications and consequences of conduction, convection and radiation
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Chapter-4. Length and time.
• Use and describe the use of rules and measuring cylinders to find a length or a volume • Use and describe the use of clocks and devices, both analogue and digital, for measuring an interval of time • Obtain an average value for a small distance and for a short interval of time by measuring multiples (including the period of a pendulum)
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CHapter-5. Motion
• Define speed and calculate average speed from total distance total time • Plot and interpret a speed–time graph or a distance–time graph • Recognise from the shape of a speed–time graph when a body is – at rest – moving with constant speed – moving with changing speed • Calculate the area under a speed–time graph to work out the distance travelled for motion with constant acceleration • Demonstrate understanding that acceleration and deceleration are related to changing speed including qualitative analysis of the gradient of a speed–time graph • State that the acceleration of free fall for a body near to the Earth is constant
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Chapter-6. Mass, weight and Density
• Show familiarity with the idea of the mass of a body • State that weight is a gravitational force • Distinguish between mass and weight • Recall and use the equation W = mg • Demonstrate understanding that weights (and hence masses) may be compared using a balance• Recall and use the equation ρ = mV • Describe an experiment to determine the density of a liquid and of a regularly shaped solid and make the necessary calculation • Describe the determination of the density of an irregularly shaped solid by the method of displacement • Predict whether an object will float based on density data
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Chapter-7. Force and Momentum
• Recognise that a force may produce a change in size and shape of a body • Plot and interpret extension–load graphs and describe the associated experimental procedure • Describe the ways in which a force may change the motion of a body • Find the resultant of two or more forces acting along the same line • Recognise that if there is no resultant force on a body it either remains at rest or continues at constant speed in a straight line • Understand friction as the force between two surfaces which impedes motion and results in heating • Recognise air resistance as a form of friction • Describe the moment of a force as a measure of its turning effect and give everyday examples • Understand that increasing force or distance from the pivot increases the moment of a force • Calculate moment using the product force × perpendicular distance from the pivot • Apply the principle of moments to the balancing of a beam about a pivot • Recognise that, when there is no resultant force and no resultant turning effect, a system is in equilibrium • Perform and describe an experiment to determine the position of the centre of mass of a plane lamina • Describe qualitatively the effect of the position of the centre of mass on the stability of simple objects• Understand that vectors have a magnitude and direction • Demonstrate an understanding of the difference between scalars and vectors and give common examples • Determine graphically the resultant of two vectors• Understand the concepts of momentum and impulse • Recall and use the equation momentum = mass × velocity, p = mv • Recall and use the equation for impulse Ft = mv – mu • Apply the principle of the conservation of momentum to solve simple problems in one dimension
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Chapter-8. Energy, work, power and Pressure
• Identify changes in kinetic, gravitational potential, chemical, elastic (strain), nuclear and internal energy that have occurred as a result of an event or process • Recognise that energy is transferred during events and processes, including examples of transfer by forces (mechanical working), by electrical currents (electrical working), by heating and by waves • Apply the principle of conservation of energy to simple examples • Describe how electricity or other useful forms of energy may be obtained from: – chemical energy stored in fuel – water, including the energy stored in waves, in tides, and in water behind hydroelectric dams – geothermal resources – nuclear fission – heat and light from the Sun (solar cells and panels) – wind • Give advantages and disadvantages of each method in terms of renewability, cost, reliability, scale and environmental impact • Show a qualitative understanding of efficiency • Demonstrate understanding that work done = energy transferred • Relate (without calculation) work done to the magnitude of a force and the distance moved in the direction of the force • Relate (without calculation) power to work done and time taken, using appropriate examples.• Recall and use the equation p = F/A • Relate pressure to force and area, using appropriate examples • Describe the simple mercury barometer and its use in measuring atmospheric pressure • Relate (without calculation) the pressure beneath a liquid surface to depth and to density, using appropriate examples • Use and describe the use of a manometer
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Chapter-9. General wave properties.
• Demonstrate understanding that waves transfer energy without transferring matter • Describe what is meant by wave motion as illustrated by vibration in ropes and springs and by experiments using water waves • Use the term wavefront • Give the meaning of speed, frequency, wavelength and amplitude • Distinguish between transverse and longitudinal waves and give suitable examples • Describe how waves can undergo: – reflection at a plane surface – refraction due to a change of speed – diffraction through a narrow gap • Describe the use of water waves to demonstrate reflection, refraction and diffraction
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Chapter-10. Light
• Describe the formation of an optical image by a plane mirror, and give its characteristics • Recall and use the law angle of incidence = angle of reflection • Describe an experimental demonstration of the refraction of light • Use the terminology for the angle of incidence i and angle of refraction r and describe the passage of light through parallel-sided transparent material • Give the meaning of critical angle • Describe internal and total internal reflection • Describe the action of a thin converging lens on a beam of light • Use the terms principal focus and focal length • Draw ray diagrams for the formation of a real image by a single lens • Describe the nature of an image using the terms enlarged/same size/diminished and upright/ inverted • Give a qualitative account of the dispersion of light as shown by the action on light of a glass prism including the seven colours of the spectrum in their correct order
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Chapter-11. Electromagnetic spectrum
• Describe the main features of the electromagnetic spectrum in order of wavelength • State that all electromagnetic waves travel with the same high speed in a vacuum • Describe typical properties and uses of radiations in all the different regions of the electromagnetic spectrum including: – radio and television communications (radio waves) – satellite television and telephones (microwaves) – electrical appliances, remote controllers for televisions and intruder alarms (infrared) – medicine and security (X-rays) • Demonstrate an awareness of safety issues regarding the use of microwaves and X-rays
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Chapter-12. Sound
• Describe the production of sound by vibrating sources • Describe the longitudinal nature of sound waves • State that the approximate range of audible frequencies for a healthy human ear is 20 Hz to 20 000 Hz • Show an understanding of the term ultrasound • Show an understanding that a medium is needed to transmit sound waves • Describe an experiment to determine the speed of sound in air • Relate the loudness and pitch of sound waves to amplitude and frequency • Describe how the reflection of sound may produce an echo
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Chapter-14. Electrical Quantities
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Chapter-15. Electric Circuits
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Chapter-16. Dangers of Electricity and Electromagnetic Effects
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Exploring the Principles of Physics OLevel CAIE Online Course
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